07

Circular Economy

Designing Out Waste

The circular economy is a regenerative economic model that aims to eliminate waste and keep resources in use for as long as possible. This module explores the principles of circular economy, its business opportunities, and practical strategies for implementing circular approaches in your venture.

Linear vs. Circular Economy

Understanding the shift from take-make-dispose to circular models

Linear Economy (Take → Make → Dispose)

Extract
Produce
Consume
Dispose

Resources are extracted, used once, and discarded — creating waste and depleting natural resources

vs.

Circular Economy (Reduce → Reuse → Recycle → Regenerate)

Maintain / Prolong
Reuse / Redistribute
Refurbish / Remanufacture
Recycle

Products and materials are kept in use as long as possible, then regenerated — minimizing waste and environmental impact

Three Core Principles:

Course Content

The circular economy is based on three principles: design out waste and pollution, keep products and materials in use, and regenerate natural systems. Unlike the traditional linear economy (take-make-dispose), the circular economy creates closed loops where waste from one process becomes input for another. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation has been instrumental in popularizing and developing the circular economy framework globally.

Key Points

  • Linear economy: take-make-dispose (unsustainable)
  • Circular economy: reduce, reuse, recycle, regenerate
  • Design for disassembly and material recovery
  • Biological cycles: composting and anaerobic digestion
  • Technical cycles: repair, remanufacturing, recycling

Module Quiz

Question 1 of 520%

What is 'Industry 4.0'?

Downloadable Resources

Worksheets and templates to practice what you've learned

Sources & Literature

  1. [1]B-ECO Project Results: https://b-eco.erasmus.site/it/project-results/
  2. [2]Ellen MacArthur Foundation (2013): Towards the Circular Economy.
  3. [3]European Commission (2020): Circular Economy Action Plan.
  4. [4]Bocken, N.M.P. et al. (2014): A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes. Journal of Cleaner Production.

Learning Objectives

  • 01Understand the principles of the circular economy
  • 02Identify circular economy business opportunities
  • 03Apply circular design principles to products and services
  • 04Understand the role of the EU Circular Economy Action Plan
  • 05Develop circular economy strategies for your business